Did you know? Did gay affair provide a catalyst for Kristallnacht? The name Kristallnacht comes from the sight of glass on the streets from the windows of synagogues, Jewish-owned businesses and homes being broken. Kristallnacht - "The Night of Broken Glass" January 18, 2016Adrian Lockhart On November 9, 1938, 90 Jews were murdered, over 30,000 Jewish men were rounded up and taken to concentration camps, and about 7,500 Jewish business were destroyed and looted. ("Mir wre lieber gewesen, ihr httet 200 Juden erschlagen und httet nicht solche Werte vernichtet!"). The Night of Broken Glass, or Kristallnacht, was a pogrom against the Jews by the Nazi Party's dread Sturmabteilung (SA) on November 9-10, 1938. "[16] Their rights as citizens had been stripped. In the immediate aftermath of the pogrom, many German leaders, like Hermann Gring, criticized the extensive material losses produced by the antisemitic riots, pointing out that if nothing were done to intervene, German insurance companiesnot Jewish-owned businesseswould have to bear the costs of the damages. Product Details. They were ordered to leave their homes in a single night and were allowed only one suitcase per person to carry their belongings. Kristallnacht (German pronunciation: [kstalnat] ()) or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (German: Novemberpogrome, pronounced [novm.b.poom] ()), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary and Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German . Also known as brown shirts. [32], The next day, the German government retaliated, barring Jewish children from German state elementary schools, indefinitely suspending Jewish cultural activities, and putting a halt to the publication of Jewish newspapers and magazines, including the three national German Jewish newspapers. Many newspapers condemned Kristallnacht, with some of them comparing it to the murderous pogroms incited by Imperial Russia during the 1880s. [54], The reaction of non-Jewish Germans to Kristallnacht was varied. Define genocide. Identify the original Greek. "[44], Many Berliners were however deeply ashamed of the pogrom, and some took great personal risks to offer help. In it, Schwarzenegger said the rampage was America's "Night of Broken Glass" - referring to the Kristallnacht of 1938 when shards of broken glass littered the streets of Nazi Germany after the . [5] The Times of London observed on 11 November 1938: "No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults on defenceless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday. This included guidelines for the protection of foreigners and non-Jewish businesses and property. Standard 7 Vocabulary. Students will learn about these events by watching a short documentary and examining a range of firsthand accounts. Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution. World opinion thus turned sharply against the Nazi regime, with some politicians calling for war. Though cleansing campaigns for ethnic or religious read more, From November 8 to November 9, 1923, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) and his followers staged the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, a failed takeover of the government in Bavaria, a state in southern Germany. "[29] He received the postcard on 3 November 1938. The violence included torching synagogues, vandalizing homes, schools, and graveyards, and destroying thousands of businesses. German education officials expelled Jewish children still attending German schools. Treat yourself with more tender cheese on your crispy chicken." From November 9 to 10, 1938, in an incident known as Kristallnacht, Nazis in Germany torched synagogues, vandalized Jewish homes, schools and businesses, and murdered close to 100 Jews. Gilbert, Martin. The background of the pogrom was signified by a sharp cleavage of interests between the different agencies of party and state. First, by 1938 large numbers of Germans had joined the Nazi Party for pragmatic reasons rather than ideology thus diluting the percentage of rabid antisemites; second, the Kristallnacht could have caused party members to reject antisemitism that had been acceptable to them in abstract terms but which they could not support when they saw it concretely enacted. Distraught that his parents had been deported from Germany along with 17,000 Polish-born Jews, Grynszpan hoped his desperate crime would bring attention to the growing persecution of European Jews. In the aftermath of Kristallnacht, the Nazi regime ordered the Jewish community to pay a 1 billion Reichsmark atonement tax and rapidly enacted many anti-Jewish laws and edicts. [34], Ernst vom Rath died of his wounds on 9 November 1938. (The title is a reference to Arnold Schoenberg's 1899 work "Verklrte Nacht" that presaged his pioneering work on atonal music; Schoenberg was an Austrian Jew who would move to the United States to escape the Nazis). This wave of violence took place throughout Germany, annexed Austria, and in areas of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia recently occupied by German troops. This was the first time Nazi officials made massive arrests of Jews specifically because they were Jews, without any further cause for arrest. On the night of November 9, 1938, violent Nazi mobs viciously attacked the Jews and Jewish communities of Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. [72] A Protestant parson spoke out in 1943 and was sent to Dachau concentration camp where he died after a few days. In this lesson, students will continue this unit's historical case study by learning about a major escalation of the Nazi campaign against Jews, the violent pogroms of Kristallnacht on November 9-10, 1938. Over 1,000 synagogues, some 3 centuries old, were burned and over 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged. He also recalled Hugh Wilson, his ambassador to Germany. All Wasted 10. The local fire departments confined themselves to prevent the flames from spreading to neighboring buildings. Jewish cemeteries became a particular object of desecration in many regions. "The sovereigns", Kibbutz Kfar Blum (Palestine), 1945, p. 171 cited in Gilbert, op.cit., p 67. After the pogrom ended, it was given an oddly poetic name: Kristallnachtmeaning crystal night or night of broken glass. This name symbolized the final shattering of Jewish existence in Germany. Why is the light so bright in the room". Scheer, Regina (1993). A Catholic nun was sentenced to death in 1945 for helping Jews. [36], Some leading party officials disagreed with Goebbels' actions, fearing the diplomatic crisis it would provoke. tags: holocaust , night-of-the-broken-glass , pogroms. I am not a dog. These are not to be interfered with. Rather, the police were to arrest the victims. Shrill screams shattered. This unprecedented violence against the Reichs Jews generated international outrage. [9] British historian Martin Gilbert wrote that no event in the history of German Jews between 1933 and 1945 was so widely reported as it was happening, and the accounts from foreign journalists working in Germany drew worldwide attention. It is believed the goods were brought by rail to the outskirts of the village and dumped on designated land. As the Jews were taken away, their remaining possessions were seized as loot both by Nazi authorities and by neighbors. The violence was instigated primarily by Nazi Party officials and members of the SA (Sturmabteilung: commonly known as Storm Troopers) and Hitler Youth. The name Kristallnacht refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. Michael Berenbaumagraduate of Queens College (BA, 1967) and Florida State University (Ph.D., 1975) who alsoattended The Hebrew University andthe Jewish Theological Seminaryis a writer, Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. McCullough, Colin, and Nathan Wilson, eds. How did the conquest and creation of an empire exemplify the central values of Mexican society? The Nazis came to call the event Kristallnacht ("Crystal Night," or, "The Night of Broken Glass"), referring to the thousands of shattered windows that littered the streets afterwards, but the euphemism does not convey the full brutality of the event. [citation needed], The deportees were taken from their homes to railway stations and were put on trains to the Polish border, where Polish border guards sent them back into Germany. Holocaust Memorial Museum. Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi minister for public enlightenment and propaganda, immediately seized on the assassination to rile Hitlers supporters into an anti-Semitic frenzy. Latin, or Old Norse source word and its meaning. C. salon Torched synagogues. This, however, was only one aspect of the origin of the November 1938 pogrom. Write a paragraph describing the effect of Three Mile Island on U.S. energy policy. 78 ed.). Welch, Susan. [caption=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b] - [credit=13f42eac-82e8-4dfb-8563-0b6af0ef8d9b]. Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. We have not come together merely to talk again, but to make decisions, and I implore competent agencies to take all measures for the elimination of the Jew from the German economy, and to submit them to me. The Night of the Broken Glass The Holocaust has played a significant part of many people lives living in Germany. If you find an error, please let us know. Most did obtain release over the next three months on the condition that they begin the process of emigration from Germany. Many of those men were released a few months later; they and their families were encouraged to leave Germany. The pretext for the pogroms was the shooting in Paris on November 7 of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by a Polish-Jewish student, Herschel Grynszpan. At a conference on the day after the pogrom, Hermann Gring said: "The Jewish problem will reach its solution if, in anytime soon, we will be drawn into war beyond our borderthen it is obvious that we will have to manage a final account with the Jews. Vom Rath was a German embassy official stationed in Paris. They were to intervene only if a fire threatened adjacent Aryan properties. he official figure for Jewish deaths, released by German officials in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, was 91, but recent scholarship suggests that there were hundreds of deaths, especially if one counts those who died of their injuries in the days and weeks that followed the pogrom. [80] An account cited that Hitler's green light for Kristallnacht was made with the belief that it would help him realize his ambition of getting rid of the Jews in Germany. The Night Of Broken Glass is based on some of those events that led up to the trial of Herschel Grynzspan, named Herschel Green in the play. Kristallnacht resulted in the destruction of Jewish homes and hospitals. Then, either seal with "Laboratory Glass" tape, or seal the box with tape, and clearly label as "Laboratory Glass" in large print. The British government approved the Kindertransport program for refugee children. They found themselves stranded in a refugee camp near the town of Zbaszyn in the border region between Poland and Germany. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, a chief instigator of the Kristallnacht pogroms, suggested to the convened Nazi 'Old Guard' that 'World Jewry' had conspired to commit the assassination. olice arrested the victims and firefighters were ordered not to intervene. A more personal response, in 1939, was the oratorio A Child of Our Time by the English composer Michael Tippett. Brick-throwing mobs. 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